~ HOLDERS OF THE SURNAMES ~
Mikuska, Mikusko, Mikuschka, Mikushko, Mikuskova, Mikuschkova
Surname
About the surname in general
Where did surnames originate, how were they created and what do literary sources say about the term "surname".
| Author: | KUBÁLKOVÁ, Pavla - DUŽDOVÁ, Věra | |
| Headline: | Tajemství českých příjmení (Mystery of the Czech surnames) | |
| In: | Daily paper: DNES from 17. August 2006, section: Léto - téma | |
| Web: | www.idnes.cz |
There are a quarter of a million different surnames in the Czech Republic.
The same as with Christian names, most surnames have some origin and history. According to linguistic manuals, the surname constitutes a special group in the vocabulary of a nation. This is to say, that surnames are stripped of the meaning of the word from which they were created and often have a different spelling or declension. They are usually inherited from the father and are transferred in a declined form to the wife and daughter. It is however becoming more and more common for an engaged couple to decide that the woman will retain her original surname when the couple get married or as the case may be that the both partners will use the woman's name as will their children.
And how many different surnames do in fact exist in our country? As of April this year (Note: 2006) according to data from the central register of citizens, there were 114 682 different surnames for male citizens. A total of 143 062 female surnames were registered. This makes a total of 257 744.
In 1997 there were over 240 thousands surnames in the Czech Republic. Information for 2002 showed a total number, which was 2 303 lower than this. This then means that we are dying out and our surnames with us. …
The history of use of surnames dates back to the time of Emperor Joseph II. We can read in many linguistic manuals that we have used the surname in this country as the obligatory main name since 1 November 1780. This is because at that time, the Emperor issued a charter, which established the use of a second name. Other sources speak of this not coming to pass until 1786.
The surname "affair" has roots, which date back even further - to the charter issued on 3 February 1776. This contained the first ban on arbitrary change to names and was issued in Halič. The charter drawn up concerning the names of Jewish citizens, adopted on 23 July 1787, was however superior. This not only decreed that all Jews had to adopt permanent surnames, but also Christian names.
It was not until much later that those who did not like their surnames were able to change these. Some years ago this cost twenty crowns and change can be purchased for a thousand crowns nowadays.
| Author: | SLABOCH, Martin | |
| Headline: | Kolik osob má v České republice stejné příjmení jako já? (How many people in the Czech Republic has the same surname as I?) | |
| In: | Genealogické a heraldické listy, číslo 3-4, Praha, 2004 |
Page 95 to 98 - Many books and studies are devoted to the development of Czech surnames as this is a very interesting topic. Everyone has probably thought about their surname at some point and thought about how it could have come into existence. Our surname came into existence over the course of several hundreds of years from the 14th to 18th centuries, first of all among the aristocracy, then among burghers and later among the poorest members of society. Introduction of a permanent surname was ordered on the basis of a governorate decree on 20 October 1770. Heredity and inalterability was not made law until the charter issued by Emperor Joseph II. in 1780. Despite this names taken after the cottage continued to force out the hereditary family surname, which the descendants then gained for good. This is a huge problem during research and often leads us along the wrong path.
The hereditary surname developed gradually from non-hereditary appellatives and nicknames, which were used to differentiate between people with the same Christian name in their close surroundings. The Christian name was often understandably not sufficient to differentiate between individual persons in society. The word "surname" itself indicates its secondary relationship to the Christian name, i.e. it was an extra name. This is one of the reasons why there are so many surnames among us created through derivation from Christian names.
Other surnames were created from local names, names of trades, social groups, according to physical and mental characteristic, and Czechisation of foreign names and surnames. Many people have surnames taken from the names of animals and plants. It is remarkable how many people are named after birds. … The current form of our surnames became fixed in the second half of the 19th century when the spelling reform took place, which is the basis for modern Czech spelling. Few names have kept their old graphic form until the present.
| Author: | MOLDANOVÁ, Dobrava | |
| Headline: | Naše příjmení (Our surnames) | |
| In: | Edice: Malé encyklopedie, svazek 16, Mladá Fronta, Praha, 1983 |
Page 11 - The surname makes up a special group in the vocabulary of a nation. This is to say, that they are stripped of the meaning of the word form which they were created and often have a different spelling or declension. They are usually inherited from the father and are transferred in a declined form to the wife and daughter. It is however becoming more and more common for an engaged couple to decide that the woman will retain her original surname when the couple gets married or as the case may be that the both partners will use the woman's name.
All of us have two names: our first name and surname. The first name is given to us by our parents shortly after birth - this is officially called the first name; it used to be given during christening, which is where the older term "Christian name" comes from. For a long time, the Christian name was the only or at least the main denotation for a person; list of people where still arranged according to this in the 18th century.
Hereditary surnames gradually developed in our country from non-hereditary surnames (nicknames), which were used to distinguish people of the same name in a village or other collective. The word "surname" itself still indicates a secondary relationship to the first name, it came only "in addition to the name" and supplemented it. It first gained its importance when identification using a first name alone was not longer sufficient to precisely differentiate people.
| Author: | BENEŠ, Josef | |
| Headline: | O českých příjmeních (About Czech surnames) | |
| In: | Nakladatelství Československé akademie věd, Praha, 1962 |
Pages 12 and 13 - Hereditary personal name: surname. Standardisation of hereditary surname.
The state attempts to rationalise and clarify for records of the population and its ability to pay: houses are numbered (1770) and it also requires constant, fixed, hereditary naming of people using surnames.
Attempts of the enlightened state for precise, constant and practical surnames culminate in the Czech lands upon the issue of a patent by Emperor Joseph II. on 1 November 1780, which fixed surnames: their usage is set out and a duty to have them is imposed.
Jewish inhabitants of hereditary lands are ordered to adopt constant surnames from 1 January 1788 under a patent issued on 23 June 1787.
About the surname Mikuska
The oldest records of a person with the surname "6×M" for now dates back to 1726. It is said that the "potter" Tomas Mikusko from the settlement of Brehy had an income from his trade of 10 florins. How do experts see the creation of "our" surname?
| Author: | MOLDANOVÁ, Dobrava | |
| Headline: | Naše příjmení (Our surnames) | |
| In: | Edice: Malé encyklopedie, svazek 16, Mladá Fronta, Praha, 1983 |
Page 144 - Alphabetical dictionary of our surnames beginning with "M"
Mika (1391 Mika cerdo - tanner, 1398 Nicolai cerdonis, 1549 Mikulass otherwise known as Mika, from the personal name Mikuláš); Mik-an (1379-82 Mikess dictus Mikan); Mik-as; Mik-át; Mik-elka; Mik-eska; Mik-eš (1383 Nicolai pictoris - painters, 1383 Mikess pictor); Mik-eštík; Mik-iska (also corrupted Mitiska); Mik-iš; Mik-l (German, diminutive); Mik-lík (diminutive); Mik-las; Mik-láš; Mik-lenda; Mik-liš; Mik-loš; Mik-lovič; Mik-oda; Mik-olajčík; Mik-olaj; Mik-olanda; Mik-ota; Mik-ousek; Mik-ovec (possessive adjective, also from the defunct local name); Mik-sa; Mi-xa (1385 Nicolaus Kartus, 1389 Mixonis Kartus); Mik-ša; Mik-šan; Mik-šánek; Mik-šaník; Mik-šátko; Mik-še; Mik-šík (Mixík balneator - spa, 1391 Nicolai balneatoris); Mik-šíček; Mik-šovic; Mik-šovský; Mik-uda; Mik-ula; Mik-ulajčík; Mik-ulák; Mik-ulanda; Mik-uláštík; Mik-ulec; Mik-ulčák (also from the local name Mikulčice); Mik-ulecký (also from the local name Mikuleč); Mik-ulejský; Mik-ulenka; Mik-ulica; Mik-ulík; Mik-ulíček; Mik-ulín; Mik-ulinec; Mik-ulka; Mik-uš; Mik-uša; Mik-ušinec (from the possessive adjective with the suffix -ec); Mik-uška; Mik-uškovič (appropriated to the family); Mik-uta; Mik-yna (from the possessive adjective for Mika); Mik-ysa; Mik-ysek; Mik-yska, Mik-yška.
| Author: | HROMNÍK, M. | |
| Headline: | Výskyt a vývoj priezvísk v Trenčianskom Jastrabí (Occurence and development of the surname in Trenčianske Jastrabí) | |
| In: | Vlastivedný zborník Trenčianskeho múzea 1971, Obzor, Bratislava, 1971 |
Pages 109 and 110 - The richest group are surnames from male Christian names: from Mikuláš: … Miko, Mikuš, …
Page 144 - In 18th century registry offices there are also examples for formative distinction of female names from male ones using the suffix: … - ka: … Mikuška …
| Author: | BENEŠ, Josef | |
| Headline: | O českých příjmeních (About the Czech surnames) | |
| In: | Nakladatelství Československé akademie věd, Praha, 1962 |
Page 29 - Non-linguistic facts on interpretation of the surname.
Special expert on medieval culture Václav Bolemír Nebeský: … With the root "vavr-" Nebeský point to the name "Vavřinec", with the root "mik-" to "Mikuláš" …
Page 108 - Before we look over surnames in their diminutive form, let us clear up their meaning. There are many among our surnames. The Czech language has more such names than other Slavonic language … Diminutive forms usually denote people who are smaller or younger than their namesakes … A generation difference is often expressed in this manner: the father was denoted using the regular name and his son using the diminutive form … At other times the diminutive form was used to denote a dependent person or a person who was poorer … (Note by M.M.: For example dependence in terms of the work process - master craftsman - journeyman.)
Page 124 - Diminutives from personal and Christian names.
Bartuška, Bouška, Hanuška, Januška, Jaruška, Jiruška, Lacuška, Maruška, Maruschka, Mikuška, Ondruška, Vondruš, Panuška, Pechuška, Petruška, Randuška, Ranuška, Svatuška, Škarbuška, Vacuška, Vachuška, Vavruška, Vinduška, Vituška, Zikuška.
| Author: | BRANDL, V. | |
| Headline: | Glossarium illustrans bohemico-moravicae historiae fontes | |
| In: | Druck und Verlag von Carl Winiker, Brünn, 1876 |
str. 153 - Mik, Nicolaus durch Weglassung der 2 folgenden Silben entstanden ähnlich wie im deutschen Klaus durch Weglassung der ersten; von diesem Mik sind hergeleitet: Mikeš, Mikšík, Mikšíček, Mikul, Mikula, Mikuš, Mikuláš = Nicolaus.
Unofficial translation: Base of the surname Mik- from the name Nicolaus (Mikuláš), after the last 2 syllabes are left out; it arose in the same way as Klaus did in German, where the first syllabe is left out; the surnames are derived from Mik-: Mikeš, Mikšík, Mikšíček, Mikul, Mikula, Mikuš, Mikuláš = Nicolaus.
História do Sobrenome - Genesis of surname Mikuska
Rudiments of those page were put already in October 2001, when Scott Mikusko signalized on a coat-of-arms of families Mikuska, which he was somewhere detect. In January 2002 added Adilson Mikuska a page with text about history hereof surname.
Color adjustment of coat-of-arms mismatch quite a description. In respect of Scott Mikusko it is fee-based services of The Historical Research Center and in principle all it is business rather commercial than historically accurate.
| Source1: | The Historical Research Center, 1061/368 |
The Czech surname Mikuska is of patronymic origin, deriving from the personal name of the father of the initial bearer. In this instance, the name is an abbreviated form of the surname Mikula, both deriving from the personal name "Nikolas". Therefore, the surname Mikuska signifies name Nikolas derives from the Greek name "son or descendant of Nikolas". The personal signifying "people". The name was popular "Nikolaus", from the words "nikan", which means "in conquer", and "laus", among the Christians throughout Europe in the center Ages, largely as a result of the fame of the fourth century Lycian bishop, about whom a large number of legends grew up, and who was venerated in the Orthodox Church as well as the Catholic. Czech surname Mikulas or the Eastern European forms of the name Nikolas are spelled with an "M", as in the Polish Mikolaj.
Variants of this surname include Mikus, Miku, Mikula and Mikuc, Mikusch and Mikucki. There is a reference to a Bohemian family named Mikusch von Buchberg. This family was ennobled in the person of Johann Ludwig Mikusch on August 16th, 1707 with the titles of Bohemian knight, lord and count. Members of this family served in the Prussian Army.
Another reference found was to the Medvecky-Mikuska family who hailed from Medvedzie, Arva Megye, Hungary, and who are documented during the eighteenth century. A member of this family was one Anna Medvecka-Mikuska, daughter of Jan Medvecky-Mikuska, who is documented circa 1771.
American references to this name include a record of Joseph Mikuska, a resident of South Dakota, who was born on March 19th, 1887.
- Blazon of Arms: Azure; between a crescent decrescent and a crescent increscent or, a sword proper garnished of the second, placed in pale.
- Translation: Azure (blue) symbolizes Venus and denotes Truth and Loyalty.
- Crest: Five ostrich plumes azure and argent, alternating.
- Origin: Czechoslovakia.
© 2006 Milan Mikuška • Contact: m.mikuska@seznam.cz